Recent COVID-19 vaccination has minimal effects on the physiological responses to graded exercise in physically active healthy people.

Athletes are advised to receive the COVID-19 vaccination to protect themselves from SARS-CoV-2 infection during major competitions. Despite this, many athletes are reluctant to get the COVID-19 vaccine due to concerns that symptoms of vaccinosis may impair athletic performance. This study aimed to determine the effects of COVID-19 vaccination on the physiological responses to graded exercise. Healthy physically active participants completed a 20-min bout of graded cycling exercise at intensities corresponding to 50%, 60%, 70%, and 80% of the predetermined V̇O2max before and ∼21 days after receiving the COVID-19 vaccine (2-dose Pfizer mRNA or 1-dose Johnson & Johnson). Vaccination had no effect on a large number of physiological responses to exercise measured in blood (e.g., lactate, epinephrine, and cortisol) and by respiratory gas exchange (e.g., oxygen uptake, CO2 production, ventilation, respiratory exchange ratio, predicted V̇O2max, and ventilatory threshold) (P > 0.05). We did, however, find significant elevations in heart rate (∼5 beats/min) and norepinephrine (P = 0.006 and 0.04, respectively) in response to vigorous (i.e., 70%-80% V̇O2max) intensity exercise after vaccination, particularly in those who received the two-shot Pfizer mRNA vaccine regimen. These findings held true when compared with demographically matched controls who completed identical bouts of exercise several weeks apart without receiving a vaccine; delta values for heart rate (P = 0.03) and norepinephrine (P = 0.01) were elevated in the second trial for those who received the Pfizer mRNA vaccine compared with the controls at the 70% and 80% V̇O2max stages, respectively. Recent COVID-19 vaccination has minimal effects on the physiological responses to graded exercise in physically active healthy people. The small elevations in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to exercise after the Pfizer mRNA vaccine regimen could have implications for athletes at the elite level and warrants investigation.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recent COVID-19 vaccination does not affect a large number of physiological responses to graded exercise, indicating that vaccination is unlikely to impair exercise capacity in normal healthy people. Heart rate and norepinephrine levels were elevated in response to exercise after the two-dose Pfizer mRNA vaccination compared to controls. Small elevations in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to exercise after recent COVID-19 vaccination could have implications for exercise performance in elite athletes and warrants investigation.

¿Existe evidencia científica de que la supresión de las enfermedades agudas en la niñez induce enfermedades crónicas en el futuro? / Is there scientific evidence that suppression of disease childhood acute induces chronic diseases in the future?

La búsqueda de la comprensión del individuo en su totalidad sintomática ha sido uno de los propósitos de la Homeopatía desde sus comienzos. A todo lo largo de su historia, los homeópatas se han interesado por la cuestión de que el tratamiento inadecuado de las enfermedades agudas en la infancia pudiera conducir a enfermedadescrónicas futuras. Hahnemann advirtió que tratar las enfermedades agudas con medicina alopática, con fuertes dosis de fármacos, o bien suprimir los síntomas locales detales enfermedades, incrementaría el riesgo de sufrir enfermedades crónicas futuras. Burnett propuso la teoría de la vacunosis y advirtió de las manifestaciones crónicas subsiguientes a la vacunación contra la viruela. Buscando el origen fisiopatológico de las enfermedades crónicas, homeópatas franceses las correlacionaron con la reacción anormal del sistema reticuloendotelial (RES, por sus siglas en inglés). Estudiando la patología experimental, Maffei atribuyó las manifestaciones sintomáticas al desequilibrio entre los fenómenos inmunológicos de la alergia y la inmunidad. Denominó “meta-alergia” y “para-alergia” a los efectos sensibilizantes y patogénicos de los medicamentos y vacunas, respectivamente. La hipótesis de la higiene se basa en evidencia de que el desequilibrio de la respuesta inmunológica en la niñez, específicamente entre las subpoblaciones de linfocitos Th1 y Th2, es responsable del desarrollo de ciertas enfermedades alérgicas y crónicas en el futuro.El factor perturbador para la predisposición a presentar una respuesta alérgica en el futuro (Th2) es la obstrucción de las manifestaciones naturales de las enfermedadesinfecciosas (respuesta de Th1) en los niños pequeños. El tratamiento homeopático busca equilibrar la reacción vital, correspondiente a una respuesta fisiológica integrativa, con la posibilidad de regular el desequilibrio de Th1/Th2. Sin embargo, se carece de estudios clínicos que sustenten tal hipótesis. (AU)

Seeking to understand the individual in his symptomatic totality has been an aim of homeopathy since its beginning. Throughout its history, homeopaths have beenconcerned that inadequate treatment of acute diseases in childhood may lead to future chronic diseases. Hahnemann cautioned that by treating acute diseases withallopathic medicine, with strong doses of drugs, or suppressing local symptoms of those diseases, would increase the risk of future chronic diseases. Burnett proposedthe theory of vaccinosis and warned of chronic manifestations subsequent to smallpox vaccination. French homeopaths, seeking the physiopathological origin of chronic diseases, correlated it to the abnormal reaction of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Through the study of experimental pathology, Maffei attributed symptomaticmanifestations to the imbalance between the immunological phenomena of allergy and immunity. He termed the sensitizing and pathogenic effects of medications and vaccines, ‘metallergy’ and ‘parallergy’, respectively. The hygiene hypothesis is based on evidence that the imbalance of immunological response in childhood, specifically among the Th1 and Th2 lymphocyte subpopulations, is responsible for the development of some allergic and chronic diseases in the future. The deranging factor for the predisposition to future allergic response (Th2) is the obstruction of natural manifestations of infectious diseases (Th1 response) in young children. Homeopathic treatment aims to equilibrate vital reaction, corresponding to an integrative physiological response, it may regulate Th1/Th2 imbalance. However, clinical trials to support this hypothesis are lacking. Homeopathy (2002) 91, 207–216. (AU)